血管内栓塞联合手术切除治疗脑动静脉畸形87例
佚名 2007-08-23
作者:赵振伟,高国栋,秦怀洲,李永林,赵继培,陈玲
【关键词】 脑动静脉畸形
关键词: 脑动静脉畸形;血管内栓塞;手术
摘 要:目的 探讨血管内栓塞联合手术切除治疗脑动静脉畸形的有效性. 方法 1999-03/2001-03采用血管内栓塞联合手术切除治疗脑动静脉畸形87例.79例以自发性颅内出血起病,4例为头痛,4例表现为癫痫.根据Spetzler-Martin计分标准,Ⅰ级9例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级12例,Ⅳ级43例,Ⅴ级12例.血管内栓塞剂为NBCA,栓后显微外科手术切除. 结果 通过血管内栓塞治疗,57例达到75%以上的闭塞率,占66%.AVM病灶闭塞在50%~75%者22例,占25%,闭塞率小于50%者8例,占9%.栓后手术完全切除病灶82例,占94%,次全或大部切除5例,占6%.术后3例遗留偏瘫或失语,死亡1例,术后并发症发生率为4.6%. 结论 血管内栓塞联合手术切除是治疗脑动静脉畸形的有效方法,特别是对大型动静脉畸形,治愈率高,致残率和死亡率低. Endovascular embolization combined surgery for87patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations Abstract:AIM To discuss the effect of endovascular em-bolization combined surgery for cerebral arteriovenous mal-formations(AVM).METHODS From March1997to March2001,87patients were treated by endovascular em-bolization combined surgery.79patients presented with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage,4with headache, 4with seizure.According to Spetzler and Martin grading scale,9patients were GradeⅠ,11as GradeⅡ,12as GradeⅢ,43as GradeⅣ,and12as GradeⅤ.Embolic agent was NBCA.Microsurgery was performed in all patients following the endovascular embolization.RESULTS After nidus en-dovascular embolizalion,obliteration rate more than75%of AVM were obtained in57patients(66%),that between50%~70%of AVM nidus were in22(25%),and that rate less than50%of AVM nidus in8(9%).The lesion was to-tally removed in82patients(94%)by surgery after em-bolization,subtotal or incomplete removal was achieved in5(6%).After surgery,3patients presented with hemiparaly-sis or aphasia and1patient died.Post-operative complication rate was4.6%.CONCLUSION Endovascular embolization combined surgery is a effective method for cerebral AVM with a high cure rate and a low morbidity and mortalily,es-pecially for large AVMs. 0 引言 脑动静脉畸形(arteriovenous malformations,AVM)最严重的表现是颅内出血,致残率和死亡率高[1,2] .明确诊断后需尽早治疗.作为有效治疗手段之一的显微外科手术对于大型复杂的脑AVM而言,全切除率低,并发症多.通过血管内栓塞可闭塞AVM大部及主要供血动脉,有利于手术切除病变. 1 对象和方法 1.1 对象
①病例资料:1997-03/2001-03脑AVM87(男48,女39)例,年龄4~72(平均37.5)岁.79例有自发性颅内出血,4例反复发作性头痛,4例表现为癫痫.脑AVM病灶位于额叶23例,顶叶20例,颞叶15例,枕叶12例,基底节区6例,幕下11例.Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅰ级9例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级12例,Ⅳ级43例,Ⅴ级12例,无Ⅵ级.②栓塞材料:氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,NBCA/Histoacryl)由德国B,Braun公司生产,国产碘苯酯.Magic1.8F1.2F STD MP PI系列微导管由法国Balt公司生产.SOR007微导丝由法国Balt公司生产.Müller显微镜德国生产. 1.2 方法
栓塞前均行头颅CT或MRI检查,最后行全脑血管造影确诊.全组患者中除数例小儿患者采用全麻外,其余大部均在神经精神安定剂和局麻下操作,使患者保持清醒状态以便于随时观察神经系统功能状态.进行全身肝素化,在DSA电视屏幕监视下,经股动脉穿刺置血管鞘,行全脑血管造影.从动脉期到静脉期连续动态造影检查.详细分析AVM的大小、所在部位、供血动脉和引流静脉特点、畸形团内有无动脉瘤和动静脉瘘等.计算循环时间,根据Spetzler-Martin计分标准分级.将导引管插至欲栓塞侧的颈内动脉或椎动脉内,将Magic漂浮导管,必要时辅以微导丝,送入AVM畸形团内,通过微导管手推超选造影,分析畸形团内血管结构特点,据此配制不同体积分数的NBCA(以碘苯酯为显影剂)常用体积分数为20~60mL・L-1 .每次栓塞注胶2~3次,并即刻复查血管造影,了解栓塞程度,直至达到预期栓塞效果为止.全部患者术前栓塞注胶2~6次,平均3.3次.栓塞后的患者均采用显微神经外科手术切除.2例行术中血管造影,了解病变切除程度,77例患者术后行血管造影进行评估,10例患者因各原因拒绝复查造影. 2 结果 2.1 血管内栓塞
87例经开颅术前血管内栓塞治疗,AVM病灶75%以上闭塞者57例,占66%,AVM病灶被闭塞50%~75%者22例,占25%,AVM病灶闭塞小于50%者8例,占9%.其中Spet-zler-Martin计分≤Ⅲ级者32例,占全部87例患者的37%,AVM病灶全部达到75%以上的闭塞率,占57例患者的56%.Spetzler-Martin计分>Ⅲ级者55例,占全部87例患者的63%,仅占AVM病灶75%以上闭塞率的44%.6例栓塞后出现一过性神经系统体征,其中4例为轻瘫,2例为同向性偏盲,经2wk治疗后恢复正常,未形成永久性并发症,无死亡.2例发生粘管,无神经系统功能障碍,随后开颅切除AVM病灶的同时,顺利取出断裂的导管. 2.2 开颅手术
87例患者血管内栓塞后接受了显微外科手术切除,病灶完全切除82例,占94%,次全或大部切除5例,占6%,Spetzler-Martin计分≤Ⅲ级者全部病灶完全切除,无并发症发生.9例手术后出现神经系统体征,经治疗术后1mo6例完全恢复,3例遗留偏瘫或失语,死亡1例.术后并发症为5%,均为Spetzler-Martin计分>Ⅲ级者.术后77例病灶切除程度经血管造影证实.
3 讨论 对脑AVM的自然病程研究显示,脑AVM每年颅内出血的发生率为2%~4%,首次出血后再次出血的危险性为6%或更多.每次出血有10%~15%的死亡率,与AVM有关的死亡率每年为1%.永久性神经功能缺失的年发生率为1%~3%,每次出血约有10%~30%的发生率[1-3] .因此,AVM诊断明确后,需尽早治疗.现有的治疗手段中包括显微神经外科手术和血管内栓塞治疗各有其治疗优势,同时又存在一定程度的局限性.如何根据不同的病变,制订个性化治疗方案,采用两种治疗手段的联合治疗是除根AVM,防止出血的关键. Spetzler-Martin AVM计分标准以病变的大小、部位和有无深静脉引流为依据,高分值提示AVM较大,位于功能区和存在深静脉引流.目前一致的看法是Spetzler-Martin计分与手术后永久性神经功能障碍和死亡率密切相关[1,4,5] .Pikus等[5] 手术治疗72例脑AVM,6例(8%)手术后出现新的持续性的神经功能障碍,65例(90%)术后恢复良好.72例患者中Spetzler-Martin计分Ⅰ~Ⅲ级者100%达到影像治愈,92%的患者完全恢复正常.1例患者出现新的神经功能障碍,Spetzler-Martin计分Ⅰ~Ⅲ占整个治疗患者的75%,然而只占全部手术后并发症的17%.认为高AVM计分和大型AVM预示不佳的治疗结果.Sisti等[6] ,对深部小型AVM(<3cm)进行开颅手术切除,94%的患者完全切除,手术致残率为1.5%,认为是AVM的大小较部位更具风险.
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