应用线形CO2 激光吻合小血管的实验分析
赵荣 杨继庆 蔡振杰 2012-09-13
【关键词】 血管外科手术
关键词: 激光;血管外科手术;动物实验替代实验
摘 要:目的 应用线形CO2 激光器和血管支撑物进行小血管吻合,观察术后血管吻合口的远期通畅率、动脉瘤发生率及物理性质. 方法 家兔104只,随机分为8组,每只家兔的左颈动脉离断后用激光进行吻合,右颈动脉则用缝线进行吻合.在术后1h,24h,3d,1,2,4,8和12wk时分别再次麻醉动物,解剖颈动脉,观察血管通畅情况,并测试吻合口的耐压强度和抗拉强度. 结果 术后血管吻合口的即刻通畅率均为100%;远期通畅率,激光吻合组为98%,缝线吻合组为94%;动脉瘤发生率,激光组为3%,缝线组为0.耐压强度测定,术后1wk内激光组显著高于缝线组,2wk后两组之间无差异.抗拉强度测定,2wk内,激光组显著低于缝线组,4wk后两组间无差异. 结论 应用线形CO2 激光器和血管支撑物进行小血管的吻合是一项可行的技术,它在远期通畅率、动脉瘤发生率及血管物理性质几方面都取得了令人满意的结果.
Keywords:lasers;vascular surgical procedures;animal test-ing alternatives
Abstract:AIM To conduct laser-assisted microvascular anastomsis by using linearity CO2 laser and vascular suste-nance,and to observe the long-term patency rates,aneurysm rates and physical qualities of postoperation.METHODS 104rabbits were pided into8groups.Bilateral carotid ar-teries of rabbits were cut off,then the left arteries were anas-tomosed with laser,and the right arteries with sutures.1h,24h,3d,1,2,4,8and12wk after the operation,the ar-teries were exposed again to observe patency rates,aneurysm rates and to test bursting pressure and tensils strength of vas-cular anastomoses.RESULTS The immediate patency rates after opration were all100%,and the long-term patencies:were98%for laser,and94%for suture.The aneurysm rates were3%for laser and0for suture.The bursting pres-sure of the laser group was higher than that of the suture group in the first week after the operation,and two weeks later,the results of the two groups were the same.The ten-sils strength of the laser group was lower than that of the su-ture group2wk after the operation,and later the two groups were the same.CONCLUSION Laser-assisted microvascu-lar anastomsis with linearing CO2 laser and vascular suste-nance is a feasible technique.The results of long-term paten-cy rates,aneurysm rates and physical qualities are satisfacto-ry.
0 引言
1979年,Jain和Gorisch[1] 首先报道用YAG激光进行了小血管修复,此后CO2 激光和Ar+ 激光也先后应用于小血管吻合.由于CO2 激光对血管壁穿透浅,且易被吸收,已成为激光辅助小血管吻合(Laser-assisted microvascular anastomsis,LAMA)应用最多的激光源.激光吻合小血管比常规手术缝合,具有时间短、操作简便、组织损伤小、恢复快等特点.但目前常用的CO2 激光器均是对吻合口进行逐点吻合,吻合不够均匀,操作时间长.第四军医大学物理学教研室研制的LA-610型激光血管及神经吻合仪,利用光路转换方法,使CO2 激光能量呈线形同时均匀地照射在吻合口上,可快速吻合血管,大大缩短了吻合时间,提高了血管吻合质量.
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 激光器 CO2 激光器[2] 的输出波长10.64μm,连续输出功率1~15W,可调,准单模,利用开关电源使输出稳定,输出时间可调.在光路上有红色的半导体激光作同光路指示.焊接结构由镜筒、扩束镜、准直镜、柱透镜及手柄等构成,工作时激光通过扩束镜、准直镜和柱透镜使光斑呈线状照在安装于手柄头部的反射器上,使入射光呈线状均匀地照在血管吻合口上.
1.1.2 血管支撑物 为使吻合的两血管断端对合良好,在被吻合的血管内放入支撑物,使血管在焊接时呈圆形,前后壁间有物体隔开,防止误伤后壁.参照文献[3]的方法,血管支撑物用糖类材料制作,在模具上高压成型,表面光滑,两端为钝头,长度和直径可控制,在血液中6~8min便可溶解.血管支撑物经第四军医大学临床药理临床药学研究中心检测,对人体无害[4] .
1.1.3 药品及动物 30g・L-1 戊巴比妥钠,0.5g・L-1 肝素钠,罂粟碱.健康成年家兔104只,雌雄不限,体质量2.4~3.2kg.第四军医大学实验动物中心提供.
1.2 方法
1.2.1 动物分组 实验动物被随机分为8组,每组13只.两侧颈动脉交叉配对,一侧为激光吻合组,另一侧为缝线吻合组.
1.2.2 手术方法 用30g・L-1 戊巴比妥钠按30mg・kg-1 给予静脉麻醉,颈部去毛,无菌条件下解剖左右颈总动脉.成年家兔颈动脉直径一般为1~1.5mm.右颈动脉采用缝合法进行吻合,在血管远近端分别用动脉夹夹闭,在其间横断血管,用肝素和罂粟碱混合的生理盐水冲洗管腔,用9~0尼龙线间断缝合9至10针吻合血管.左颈动脉横断后用9~0尼龙线间隔120°分别缝3针固定线,然后在吻合口处放入血管支撑物,以1.8W CO2 线形激光照射血管吻合口2~3次,3~4s/次,开放血管阻闭夹,压迫止血,吻合口无漏血后,观察颈动脉的搏动情况,观察15min,确认血管搏动良好后,可行勒血试验,勒血试验阳性者,在吻合口周围用青霉素液进行冲洗,逐层缝合切口,术后3d常规静脉给予青霉素和肝素.
2 结果
2.1 术后观察 术后首先记录吻合口的即刻通畅情况,然后分别于术后1,24h,3d,1,2,4,8wk和12wk再次麻醉动物,解剖显露吻合口,作勒血试验,观 察血管通畅情况,有无破裂和动脉瘤形成.结果如Tab1.
表1 兔术后血管通畅率及动脉瘤发生率略
2.2 耐压强度测定 将动脉标本取下后,一端结扎,另一端连接1个三通管,三通管的一端接注射器,另一端与压力传感器相连.将溶有亚甲兰的生理盐水持续注入血管,直至吻合口有蓝色溶液渗出.测试结果如Tab2.
表2 兔颈动脉耐压强度测定略
2.3 抗拉强度测定 将标本的一端固定并垂直悬挂,另一端固定1个50mL的空针并往空针中不断注水直至吻合口出现裂缝.结果如Tab3.
3 讨论
激光吻合血管主要是利用激光的热效应将血管的两断端粘合成一体,但激光吻合血管与激光对组织的穿透深度密切相关,穿透力强将加重血管壁的损伤,影响血管吻合质量.有实验[5] 证明,CO2 ,YAG和Ar+ 激光对组织的穿透深度分别为0.23,0.84和4.20mm.CO2 激光不但对组织穿透深度浅,且易被组织吸收,热效应局限,故目前国内外多数学者都倾向于选择低功率CO2 激光进行血管吻合.但目前常用的CO2 激光器均是对吻合口进行逐点吻合,有吻合不够均匀,操作时间长等不足之处.我们此次使用的线形CO2 激光器是利用光路转换方法将CO2 激光能量呈线形同时均匀地照射在血管吻合口上,可快速吻合血管,大大缩短血管吻合时间,提高血管吻合质量[2,6] . 表3 兔颈动脉抗拉强度测定略
血管吻合后的远期通畅率是影响术后恢复的关键.目前公认LAMA具有缝线少、异物反应轻、内膜光滑等特点,是提高血管吻合术后远期通畅率的良好基础.据报道,鼠颈动脉180d的通畅率达93%[7] ;猫股动脉为95.6%,肱动脉为96.9%[8] .在本实验中,血管吻合后的即刻通畅率为100%,远期通畅率,激光吻合组为98%(102/104),缝线吻合组为94%(98/104).血管吻合后的动脉瘤,无论真性还是假性,均可引起血管阻塞,导致吻合失败.LAMA后动脉瘤发生率各家报道不一,在早期的LAMA中动脉瘤发生率较高,国外报道一般为0~36%[9-11] ,国内报道为2%~5%.在本实验中,激光吻合组为3%,缝线吻合组为0.本实验中3例动脉瘤均是在激光焊接过程中由于吻合口仍有漏血,又增加了激光焊接次数,延长了照射时间,导致吻合口出现狭窄,近心端发生膨大.术后1h血管仍然通畅,但1wk和4wk后解剖时可见吻合口狭窄的血管内有血栓形成.故用激光进行血管焊接吻合时应严格控制激光照射时间和次数,绝不能在血管吻合口反复照射,否则可引起血管内膜损伤并向管腔内膨出,导致吻合口狭窄.
血管吻合后能否耐受血流的冲击,是共同关心的 问题.测定血管物理性质目前常用张力和爆裂压两种方法.在以往的报道中[8,12] ,术后1wk内,LAMA的血管耐压强度均比缝线吻合的血管要低.而在我们的实验中,耐压强度(爆裂压)测定从术后1h至1wk,激光吻合侧均比缝线吻合侧高,1wk后两者间无差别.当用激光焊接血管时,热能可使血管表面组织迅速发生蛋白熔解和凝固坏死,形成一个蛋白凝固层,相当于一个水封层.同时在本实验中激光吻合的血管之间有3针固定线,可起到加强稳定的作用.但在本实验中,激光吻合血管的抗拉强度在术后2wk内均显著低于缝线吻合组,4wk后两侧的组织抗拉强度基本一致.术后早期吻合口的抗拉强度主要由缝线承担,缝合侧的缝线数量是激光吻合侧的3倍以上,故能耐受较大的拉力.目前激光血管吻合术后的主要问题就是血管的抗拉强度偏低,Nakata等[13] 用CO2 激光吻合血管仅能取得35g的抗拉强度,Zong等[12] ,Liu等[14] 和Vlasak[15] 等均发现激光吻合后的即刻抗拉强度低于缝线吻合,3~4wk后两者的抗拉强度相当.而Weng等[16] 应用“生物胶”技术可使抗拉强度到0.97N以上,是今后激光血管吻合发展的一个方向.
血管支撑物的应用避免了长期以来CO2 激光吻合血管时发生穿透损伤的问题,同时它还能克服管腔扭曲和狭窄,防止吻合口内翻,轻度扩张血管,防止血管痉挛等问题.血管支撑物的使用以往有过报道[17] ,但多在缝合小血管时使用,尚未在激光血管吻合中应用,它对于今后激光血管吻合技术的推广无疑有很大的促进作用.
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