微创手术在直肠类癌病人中的应用(附13例报告)
石鑫 管小青 2011-02-16
【摘要】目的 探讨微创手术在直肠类癌的可行性。方法 对本组13例直肠类癌分别采用不同的微创手术方式进行治疗;其中3例经肛门局部切除术,2例带蒂的直肠类癌在内镜下进行圈套手术治疗,5例直径>2cm或侵犯肌层或浆膜层的肿瘤,全麻下行腹腔镜根治性切除术(Dixon手术),2例位于5~8cm的直肠类癌侵犯肌层的肿瘤行腹腔镜下改良Welch术(其中1例经肛门局部切除术的患者在术中快速病理证实肿瘤侵犯深肌层,而中转行腹腔镜下改良Welch术),1例位于5~8cm的直肠类癌只局限于黏膜的患者在结肠镜下行黏膜切除术,1例肿瘤位于距肛门3~5cm肿瘤在1~2cm大小且经腔内超声内镜检查证实浸润直肠深肌层,并有淋巴结转移的实施腹腔镜下Miles手术。结果 2例分别因肝转移和肺转移仅生存2年以内,有1例经内镜下圈套治疗的病例在第一次手术后7个月发生局部复发,后在腹腔镜下行根治术,至目前仍健康生存。其余病例至今生存,未发生转移和复发迹象。有2例发生肛瘘,后经肛瘘挂线术得以治愈,有1例经腹腔镜下根治性切除术(Dixon手术)术后发生结肠旁疝、肠梗阻,经开腹手术解除梗阻治愈,其余病例未发生其它并发症。结论 对于直肠类癌肿瘤的大小、部位、浸润深度,采用不同的微创手术方式。 【关键词】直肠类癌 微创手术
【Abstract】 Objictive To explore the feasibility of minimally invasive surgery for rectal carcinoid. Methods 13 cases patients of rectal carcinoid tumors were treated with minimally invasive surgical .among these sases, , 3 cases were treated with transanal excision (TE),2 cases of pedunculated rectal carcinoid with trap in endoscopic surgery,5 cases of diameter> 2cm or infringe upon the muscularis or serosa layers were treated with laparoscopic radical resection surgery (Dixon surgery) in general anesthesia, 2 cases at the 5 ~ 8cm that invasived the muscularis layers were treated with the laparoscopic modified Welch surgery (1 case with TE were pathologically confirmed deep myometrial invasion , and to switch to laparoscopic modified Welch surgery), 1 cases at the 5 ~ 8cm and limited to the colon mucosa were treated with endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR), 1 case of tumor located away from the anus in 3 ~ 5cm ,the size of 1 ~ 2cm and were confirmed to invasive deep muscularis layer by EUS(endoscopic ultrasonography with the lymph node metastasis were treated with laparoscopic Miles surgery. Results 2 cases survival 2-year due to the hepatic metastasis and lung metastasis, respectively, 1 case treated with trap in endoscopic surgery were re-occurred in local after 7 months ,and were treated with laparoscopic radical correction ,which is still survival. So far the survival of the remaining cases, no signs of metastasis and recurrence. 2 cases occurred anal fistula, were cured by seton, 1 cases of laparoscopic radical resection (Dixon surgery) occurred colon next to hernia, intestinal obstruction, were cured with surgery, and the remaining case no complications Conclusion For rectal carcinoid tumor size, location, depth of invasion, using different methods of minimally invasive surgery. 【Keywords】 rectal carcinoid minimally invasive surgery 直肠类癌临床上少见,国外报道为0.04%,占所有直肠肿瘤的0.14%[1],国内报道其发病率为0.02%,占所有直肠肿瘤的1.30%[2]。我院自2005年1月~2009年1月9年间共收住直肠类癌56例,占同期收治的直肠肿瘤的1.21%(56/463)。其中我们对13例直肠类癌实施微创手术,并取得满意的疗效。现报告如下。 1 临床资料 1.1一般资料 本组13例是从我院收治的56例直肠类癌中实施微创手术的病例。13例中,男8例,女5例。年龄24~78岁,中位年龄51.6岁。 1.2临床症状 主要症状包括:大便次数增多3例,暗红色血便2例,黏液脓血便2例,里急后重及排便不净感1例,排便后肛门口疼痛1例,排便时肛门口有肿物脱垂1例,肛门潮湿及瘙痒感2例,肛门蚂蚁行走样感1例。 1.3肿瘤大小:>2cm5例,1~2cm7例,,<1cm1例。肿瘤有蒂2例,肿瘤基底部较宽的11例。多发灶1例,共3个病灶直径为0.3~0.8cm。 1.4肿瘤距肛缘的距离:12cm~15cm者3例,8~12cm者2例,5~8cm者4例,3~5cm4例。肿块>2cm的5例均位于距肛门8cm以上。 1.5诊断情况:13例患者均经直肠镜、结肠镜活检或手术病理证实为直肠类癌,其中8例经直肠指检触及到肿块。
期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆 1.6肿瘤浸润情况:应用长的彩色多普勒阴道探头检查肿瘤仅浸及黏膜下层2例;浸润浅肌层4例;浸透肌层达浆膜2例。>8cm以上的直肠类癌经手术证实仅有1例浸及黏膜下层,其余4例均浸透肌层达浆膜层。 1.7病理检查情况: 镜下肿瘤细胞为实体或包巢状,大小一致,呈圆形或多角形,核小规则。13例患者均行免疫组化染色,其中神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)阳性6例,抗人突触素多克隆抗体(SYN)阳性4例,肌酸激酶(CK)阳性1例,嗜铬粒蛋白A(CgA)阳性3例,CD56阳性1例。 1.8手术方式:对13例直肠类癌均根据不同病情选择不同的外科微创手术方式。1例肿瘤直径<1cm者,而且多发病灶给予经肛门局部切除术。2例肿瘤有蒂的直肠类癌在内镜下进行圈套治疗,即将张开的圈套器平行肠壁放置环绕肿瘤四周向下压,接通电流,边电灼肿瘤边收拢圈套器,将肿块完全摘除,标本送病理检查。2例肿瘤直径在1~2cm者予经肛门局部切除术:在硬膜外麻、腰麻或骶管麻醉,直视下距肿瘤边缘1cm作环形切口,从四周分离达肌层完整切除肿瘤,术中快速冰冻病理检查,确定切缘1例无类癌残留及浸润深度在黏膜下层,又行局部浅肌层切除;1例快速病理证实肿瘤侵犯深肌层,而中转行腹腔镜下根治性手术(腹腔镜下改良Welch术)。5例直径>2cm或侵犯肌层或浆膜层的肿瘤,全麻下行腹腔镜根治性切除术(Dixon手术),手术方式同腹腔镜直肠癌根治性切除术。1例位于5~8cm的直肠类癌侵犯肌层的肿瘤行腹腔镜下改良Welch术,既能保留肛门,又能做到根治性切除肿瘤。1例位于5~8cm的直肠类癌只局限于黏膜的患者在结肠镜下行黏膜切除术。1例肿瘤位于距肛门3~5cm肿瘤在1~2cm大小且经腔内超声内镜检查证实浸润直肠深肌层,并有淋巴结转移的实施腹腔镜下Miles手术。 2 结果 13例患者均获得随访。其中有2例分别因肝转移和肺转移仅生存2年以内,有1例经内镜下圈套治疗的病例在第一次手术后7个月发生局部复发,后在腹腔镜下行根治术,至目前仍健康生存。其余病例至今生存,未发生转移和复发迹象。有2例发生肛瘘,后经肛瘘挂线术得以治愈,有1例经腹腔镜下根治性切除术(Dixon手术)术后发生结肠旁疝、肠梗阻,经开腹手术解除梗阻治愈。其余病例未发生其它并发症。 3 讨论 直肠类癌是指发生于直肠黏膜内胺前体摄取与脱羧(amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation,APUD)细胞,具有潜在恶性的特点,但是其特征是生长缓慢,临床上较为少见。直肠类癌大约占胃肠道类癌的第三位,约14%[3]。