关于全麻联合硬膜外阻滞对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者开胸手术应激反应的影响
佚名 2012-08-28
作者:张昕 王晖 白宁 杨瑞 王臻 兰自侃
【摘要】 目的: 探讨不同麻醉方式对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者行开胸手术时应激反应的影响. 方法: 选择择期行开胸手术患者36例,其中非糖尿病患者12例(N组),采用全麻联合硬膜外阻滞,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者24例,随机分为2组(G1和G2),每组12例. G1组采用全麻联合硬膜外阻滞,G2采用单纯全麻. 分别于术前(T1)、插管时(T2)、开胸探查时(T3)、关胸(T4)及拔管时(T5)5个时间点采集静脉血,检测血糖、胰岛素、皮质醇及促肾上腺皮质激素,同时记录血压及心率. 结果: G2组患者T2, T3及T5时MAP及HR高于T1时(P<0.05). N组及G1组T3时MAP, HR较T1有所下降,但无统计学差异(P>0.05). G2组血糖高于N组及G1组(P<0.05). G2组T4及T5时胰岛素水平较T1时升高(P<0.05),且高于N组及G1(P<0.05). G2血皮质醇在在T2, T3, T4及T5时高于N组及G1组(P<0.05). G2组促肾上腺激素高于N组及G1组(P<0.05). 结论: 全麻联合胸段硬膜外阻滞用于Ⅱ型糖尿病患者行开胸手术,可有效减轻应激反应,将血糖调控于接近非糖尿病患者的水平. 【关键词】 糖尿病,2型;应激;麻醉;胸廓切开术 【Abstract】 AIM: To study the effects of different anesthetic methods on the stress of the type 2 diabetes patients during thoracotomy. METHODS: Thirtysix patients undergoing thoracotomy were enrolled into the study. Of them, 12 patients were nondiabetics (group N), and received combined generalepidural anesthesia;24 type 2 diabetics were randomly pided into 2 groups (n=12, each): group G1 received combined generalepidural anesthesia, and group G2 received general anesthesia only. Blood samples were collected to measure the concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, cortisol, adrenocortito tropic hormone(ACTH) before operation (T1), and at the time of endotracheal intubation (T2), exploratory thoracotomy (T3), closing thoracic incision (T4), extubation (T5), and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heant rate (HR) were recorded at the same time. RESULTS: In group G2, the MAP and HR were significantly higher at T2, T3 and T5 than at T1(P<0.05). In group N and G1, the MAP and HR were little lower at T3 than at T1, but the difference was not significant(P>0.05). The concentrations of blood glucose in group G2 were significantly higher than those in group N and G1(P<0.05). The concentrations of insulin were significanly higher at T4 and T5 than at T1 in group G2, furthermore, they were much higher than those in group N and G1(P<0.05). The concentrations of cortisol at T2, T3, T4 and T5 in group G2were higher than those in group N and G1 (P<0.05). The concentrations of ACTH in group G1 were significantly higher than those in group N and G1 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: For type 2 diabetics receiving the thoracotomy, the combined generalepidural anesthesia can reduce the stress, thus adjusting the concentration of blood glucose to the level of patients without type 2 diabetes. 【Keywords】 diabetes mellitus, type 2; stress; anesthesia; thoracotomy 0引言 非糖尿病患者在手术应激状态下,血糖水平升高已得到普遍的认可[1] . 本研究旨在探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病患者开胸手术,采用不同的麻醉方法,观察血糖、胰岛素、皮质醇、促肾上腺素皮质激素水平及血流动力学的变化,并与非糖尿病患者相比较,以期寻找一种对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者行开胸手术时较为适宜的麻醉方法. 1对象和方法 1.1对象 选择择期开胸手术患者(食道癌及肺癌根治术)36例,男性20例,女性16例,年龄35~65岁,其中非糖尿病患者12例(N组),ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,无呼吸、心血管及内分泌系统疾病,行全麻联合硬膜外阻滞,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者24例,符合WHO的诊断标准(空腹血糖>7.0 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖>11.1 mmol/L)口服降糖药治疗使空腹血糖控制在8.93 mmol/L以下(即轻型糖尿病患者,病程在5 a以下,糖化血红蛋白阴性). 糖尿病患者随机分为2组,G1组12例,全麻联合硬膜外阻滞;G2组12例,单纯全麻. 1.2方法 ① 麻醉: 全部病例于术前30 min肌注苯巴比妥钠0.1 g,阿托品0.5 mg,3组患者入室后开放静脉通路以500 mL/h的速度输注林格氏液,N组及G1组患者于T6~7间隙常规行硬膜外穿刺置管,成功后注入0.2 g/L的利多卡因4 mL,5 min后无全脊麻征象,麻醉平面达T3,4T10,可满足手术要求,然后行全麻诱导,以咪唑安定0.05~0.1 mg/kg,芬太尼3~4 μg/kg,依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg,琥珀胆碱1~2 mg/kg诱导行气管插管,全麻维持采用0.01 g/L异丙酚静注,吸入1~2 g/L异氟醚,静注维库溴胺维持肌松,气管插管后连接北美2Bdrage全能麻醉机,通气量8~10 mL/kg,呼吸频率10~12次/min,维持PETCO2在4.6~5.3 kPa,全麻插管后硬膜外腔给予0.05 g/L的罗哌卡因8~10 mL,同时每隔60~90 min追加0.05 g/L罗哌卡因4~5 mL,G2组采用单纯全麻,其诱导及麻醉维持同N组及G1组. ② 监测: 3组术中均连续监测血压、心率、SpO2及PETCO2. 分别于术前(T1),插管时(T2),开胸探查时(T3),关胸(T4)及拔管时(T5)五个时点抽取非输液侧肘静脉血测定血糖、胰岛素、皮质醇及促肾上腺皮质激素,同时记录血压及心率. 血糖(GS)测定采用美国强生血糖仪,用放射免疫法测定胰岛素(Ins)皮质醇(Cor)及促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)(天津九鼎医学生物工程有限公司提供胰岛素试剂盒,天津市协和医药科技有限公司提供促肾上腺皮质激素及皮质醇试剂盒). 统计学处理: 计量资料以x±s表示,采用SPSS10.0统计软件包分析,组内不同时点比较用配对t检验,组间比较采用方差分析及LSDt检验,P<0.05为有统计学差异. 2结果 3组患者年龄、性别、质量、手术时间及手术种类无统计学差异. G2组患者T2, T3及T5时MAP及HR高于T1时(P<0.05). N组及G1组T3时MAP, HR较T1有所下降,但无统计学差异(P>0.05,表1). 表1三组患者术中MAP、HR变化(略) 3组患者血糖在插管后均开始升高,在T3, T4及T5时间点,G2组血糖高于N组及G1组(P<0.05). G1组在T3, T4, T5时血糖高于N组相对应时间点血糖水平,但无统计学差异(P>0.05). G2组T4及T5时胰岛素水平较T1时升高(P<0.05),且高于N组及G1组(P<0.05). 三组血皮质醇在T4时均高于T1时水平(P<0.05),在T2, T3, T4及T5时G2组高于N组及G1组(P<0.05),N组及G1组间无统计学差异(P>0.05). 三组促肾上腺激素在T2, T3, T4及T5时高于T1(P<0.05),同一时点组间对比,G2组高于N组及G1组(P<0.05),N组及G1组无统计学差异(P>0.05,表2).表2三组患者术中血糖、胰岛素、皮质醇、促肾上腺皮质激素的变化(略) 3讨论 应激反应是神经内分泌以及免疫系统相互作用和影响的非特异性反应. 体内不良因素的刺激均可引起肾上腺皮质激素的分泌,血中的皮质醇浓度迅速升高,且与手术刺激的大小、持续时间相关[2]. ACTH由垂体前叶分泌,作用于肾上腺髓质,促进皮质醇的分泌,两者是反映体内应激反应强度相对敏感的指标[3]. 本研究中,3组皮质醇、促肾上腺皮质激素在手术探查、关胸、拔管后明显高于术前,提示由于开胸手术的强烈刺激,使患者产生过度的应激反应. 但N, G1组升高明显低于G2组(P<0.05),说明全麻联合硬膜外阻滞较之单纯全麻能有效抑制胸部手术所引起的应激反应,有利于减轻机体的损伤和不良反应.
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