布托啡诺与芬太尼用于短时手术全身麻醉的临床比较分析
张联义 刘功俭 2012-10-09
【摘要】 比较布托啡诺与芬太尼用于短时手术全麻中的临床效果及不良反应,评价布托啡诺用于全麻的临床作用及安全性。方法 ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级耳鼻咽喉科择期声带息肉摘除术住院患者40例,手术时间(12±2)min,随机分为布托啡诺组(B组,n=20)和芬太尼组(F组,n=20)。B组诱导静脉注射布托啡诺20 μg·kg-1,F组诱导静脉注射芬太尼5 μg·kg-1,2组4 min后均静脉注射丙泊酚及琥珀胆碱行气管插管控制呼吸,术中静脉输注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼及琥珀胆碱维持麻醉。术中监测平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼吸频率(RR)、术后Ramsay镇静评分及VAS镇痛评分、不良反应和拔管时间。结果 ①与术前相比,B组静脉注射布托啡诺后及术后RR、SpO2无明显变化(P>0.05);F组静脉注射芬太尼后及术后RR下降显著(P<0.05),术后拔管时间明显大于B组(P<0.05)。②B组各时间点MAP、HR变化不明显(P>0.05);F组静脉注射芬太尼后HR下降显著(P<0.05)。③拔管后B组VAS评分明显低于F组(P<0.05)。④F组呛咳、恶心、肌肉僵直、寒颤、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率明显高于B组(P<0.05)。结论 静脉注射20 μg·kg-1布托啡诺可安全用于短时手术全身麻醉,不良反应发生率低。 【关键词】 布托啡诺 全身麻醉 短时手术 芬太尼 Abstact: Objective To evaluate the clinical effect and safety of butorphanol induced general anesthesia in short-time operation against the fentanyl induced one. Methods Forty patients, with ASA grades Ⅰ and Ⅱ, diagnosed to have polyp of vocal cord for extirpation, were randomly pided into 2 groups of 20 each: butorphanol group (group B) and fentanyl group (group F). Anesthesia was induced with butorphanol (20 μg·kg-1) in group B and with fentanyl (5μg·kg-1) in group F. Four min later, intravenous propofol (2 mg·kg-1 ) and anectine (1.5 mg·kg-1 ) were given to intubate the trachea and start mechanical ventilation. The anesthesia was then maintained with intravenous propofol, remifentanil and anectine during the operation. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), saturation of pulse oxygen (SpO2) and adverse effects were noticed before and during the operation and after the extubation. The quality of analgesia and sedation was scored after extubation, with the time of extubation put down. Results There were no significant changes in RR and SpO2 in group B after the intravenous butorphanol and the operation (P>0.05). But the RR dropped significantly in group F after intravenous fentanyl and the operation (P<0.05), so the time of extubation had to be postponed. The MAP and HR were not altered in group B, but the HR dropped markedly in group F (P<0.05). The VAS value after extubation was significantly lower in group B than in group F (P<0.05). The adverse gagging, bucking, shivering and respiratory depression were significantly less marked in group B than in group F (P<0.05). Conclusion It is safe and feasible to use butorphanol (20 μg·kg-1) to perform general anesthesia for short-time operation, with lower incidence of side effects. Key words: butorphanol; gerneral anesthesia; short-time operation; fentanyl 阿片类镇痛药芬太尼具有镇痛作用强和循环影响小的特点而广泛用于全身麻醉,但其呼吸抑制作用时间长而常致拔管延迟,不适于短时手术全身麻醉。布托啡诺为阿片类受体激动-拮抗剂,镇痛效应强,不良反应发生率低,广泛应用于术后镇痛。布托啡诺可否安全应用于全身麻醉,特别是短时手术全身麻醉,国内外少有文献报道。本研究比较了布托啡诺、芬太尼用于短时手术全身麻醉对呼吸、循环的影响,镇痛效果及不良反应。 1 资料和方法 1.1 一般资料 40例声带息肉摘除手术住院患者,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,年龄40~56岁,体重55~69 kg,随机分为芬太尼组(F组,n=20)和布托啡诺组(B组,n=20)。患者术前无心肺疾病及高血压病史,肝、肾功能无明显异常。2组患者的年龄、体重、手术时间差异均无显著性。见表1。表1 2组患者的年龄、体重、手术时间 1.2 方法 2组患者术前30 min肌注东莨菪碱0.3 mg,入室后开放上肢静脉。B组患者静脉注射布托啡诺20 μg·kg-1,F组患者静脉注射芬太尼5 μg·kg-1。2组患者用药后4 min静脉注射丙泊酚2 mg·kg-1,琥珀胆碱1.5 mg·kg-1,面罩加压供氧,肌松完全后行气管插管接呼吸机控制呼吸。术中静脉输注丙泊酚3~4 mg·kg-1 ·h-1,瑞芬太尼0.3μg·kg-1·min-1及琥珀胆碱维持麻醉。采用Datex心电检测仪常规对呼吸、循环进行监测。手术结束后停止输注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼和琥珀胆碱。 1.3 观察指标 ①记录术前(T0)、静脉注射布托啡诺或芬太尼后4 min(T1)、插管后即刻(T2)、手术开始(T3)、拔管前5 min(T4)及拔管后30 min(T5)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、呼吸频率(RR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)及不良反应。②记录术后拔管时间(手术结束到拔除气管导管时间)。③观察患者拔管后镇痛、镇静评分。镇痛评分采用视觉模拟评分(VAS):0分为无痛,10分为剧痛。镇静评分采用Ramsay法:1分为焦虑状态;2分为平静合作;3分为稍沉默,有定向力;4分为睡眠,对呼喊反应敏感;5分为睡眠,对呼喊反应迟钝。不良反应包括呛咳、恶心、呕吐、肌肉僵直、寒颤、呼吸抑制等。 1.4 统计学处理 所得数据均采用SSPS 13.0软件进行统计分析。定量资料以±s表示,采用t检验;定性资料采用χ2检验。P<0.05认为差异有显著性。 2 结 果 2.1 呼吸、循环功能变化 与术前比较,2组患者插管后及拔管后MAP、HR有所升高,但差异无显著性(P>0.05);F组静脉注射芬太尼后HR下降明显(P<0.05);F组患者静脉注射芬太尼后及术后RR明显低于B组(P<0.05),而SpO2差异无显著性(P>0.05)。见表2。表2 2组患者HR、MAP、RR、SpO2的变化与给药前比较:*P<0.05;与B组同时点比较:#P<0.05
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